Editing versus proofreading
Where structural editing, copy-editing and final proofreading sit in a controlled production sequence.
Editing and proofreading are related, but they are not interchangeable. Asking a proofreader to repair structure is like asking the final building inspector to move a load-bearing wall.
Developmental editing
This is the structural pass. It tests purpose, audience, argument, narrative, chapter order, pace, omissions and repetition. Material may move, expand, contract or disappear.
Copy-editing
Once the structure is settled, copy-editing improves clarity, consistency, grammar, spelling, punctuation, usage and house style. It also flags factual, legal and source matters requiring authorial judgement.
Proofreading
Proofreading is the final textual quality-control pass after editing has been incorporated. It catches remaining errors and production problems. In print, that includes page-level issues such as broken headings, awkward line endings and inconsistent running matter.
Useful standard
The Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading publishes descriptions of editorial skills and professional practice. Scope still needs to be agreed for each project.
Editorial note: This guide provides general publishing information, not legal, tax or professional advice for a particular project.